[35][36], The rituals of Cherry's flock incorporated many Jewish practices and prohibitions alongside some Christian traditions. He died in April 2020 before completing his sentence. [23], During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, dozens of Black Hebrew organizations were established. [84] Chenault did not draw any such distinction, and first decided to assassinate Rev. [67], Today, young men and some women from the African Hebrew community of Jerusalem serve in the IDF, they have entered international sporting events and academic competitions under the Israeli flag, as well as having represented Israel twice in the Eurovision song contest. Black Hebrew Israelites (also called Hebrew Israelites, Black Hebrews, Black Israelites, and African Hebrew Israelites) are a new religious movement claiming that African Americans are the descendants of the ancient Israelites. Founded in the 1880s, the organization grew in size and influence after moving from Tennessee to Pennsylvania in the early 1900s. This report evaluates violent extremism inspired by or connected to the Black Hebrew Israelite (BHI) movement. Notably, Black Hebrew Israelite violent extremists and their white supremacist counterparts often share similar ideologies and core conspiracy theories, are examples of the role of religious ideas in domestic violent extremist movements, and often choose similar targets for attacks due to their mutual anti-Semitism. The Black Hebrew Israelite movement is divided into organizations or sects that operate semi-independently across the United States. BHI celebrations of Passover and its understanding of symbols like the Star of David or menorahs are based on BHI biblical interpretation and not mainstream Judaism. In their own words: Community organization that actively participates in uniting and building up the nation destroyed by Colonialism, Imperialism, and Slavery. Call back to the fold the Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans; who are the Twelve Tribes of Israel. Crowdy, an escaped slave, said he received Godly visions that proved the Lost Tribes of Israel were Black. All Rights Reserved. 5758. Not all Black Hebrew Israelite organizations are antisemitic or extremists. "[15] As of December 2019, the Southern Poverty Law Center "lists 144 Black Hebrew Israelite organizations as black separatist hate groups because of their antisemitic and anti-white beliefs". The incident began when JCPD Detective Joseph Seals approached Anderson and Graham at Bayview Cemetery and one or both suspects shot and killed him. [3] Additionally, contrary to what is taught by Black Hebrew Israelites, no Kingdom of Judah existed in West Africa, and the Middle Eastern state has no connection with the Kingdom of Whydah. Note: For additional information and historical background on the extremist sects of theBlack Hebrew Israelite movement, please see our backgrounder. Most recently, an FBI raid in November 2016 produced evidence that leader Grant and treasurer Lincoln Warrington were stealing money from the organization and its members. [34] Theologically, the Church of the Living God mixed elements of Judaism and Christianity, counting the Bibleincluding the New Testamentand the Talmud as essential scriptures. [80], As of December 2019, the Southern Poverty Law Center "lists 144 Black Hebrew Israelite organizations as black separatist hate groups because of their antisemitic and anti-white beliefs". ", "Commandment Keepers Ethiopian Hebrew Congregation", "The Destruction of Commandment Keepers, Inc. 19192007", "Music Earns Black Hebrews Some Acceptance", "Quest for a Homeland Gains a World Stage", "First Black Hebrew Gets Israeli Citizenship", "Leader of African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem dies", "Whitney Houston visits Israel for Christmas album inspiration", "Who are the Black Israelites at the center of the viral standoff at the Lincoln Memorial? For example, IUICs chapter in Orlando, Florida has a location Facebook page, a location YouTube channel, a location Vimeo account and a location In the Classroom YouTube channel. Our worktraces the historical and ideological evolution of the BHI movement and its extremist fringe, evaluates violent extremist incidents with a nexus to BHI ideology during the past half-decade, and from these assessments, highlights how BHI violent extremism can be analyzed and classified as a part of the contemporary American DVE scene. The two stole more than $5.3 million from the organization and its members. Following Morgans disappearance, IUIC added an automated pop-up to their site expressing their condolences while distancing the organization from the incident. The SPLC wrote that "most Hebrew Israelites are neither explicitly racist nor anti-Semitic and do not advocate violence". However, despite being initially influenced by the original . Eventually, extremist Black Israelite groups developed, some of which still exist . In August 2019, Shohfah-El Israel was convicted of her murder and sentenced to 17 years in prison. Miami, Florida, October 2019: Larry Greene, aka Elijah Israel, was charged with aggravated assault with a deadly weapon after allegedly assaulting two people at a synagogue. At or around 12:30 pm Anderson and Graham exited their U-Haul van in front of JC Kosher Supermarket on Martin Luther King Drive and fired shots into the storefront. Noteworthy BHI factions in the 20th century include the Commandment Keepers, Ben Ammi Ben Israels Dimona, Israel congregation and the Israeli School. Situating the role of extremist interpretations of BHI ideology within domestic violent extremist incidents during the past several years, this report finds: GW Program on Extremism Teaching the truth of the Bible and reintroducing the lost sheep of the house of Israel to their true identity.. Street Teaching or Street Units = organized activities during which members read Scripture in public, advertise their organization, and antagonize pedestrians. Following an unsuccessful resettlement in Liberia, Ben Israel and over 40 families moved to Dimona, Israel and claimed their rights under the Law of Return. Attacks on white individuals, Jews, Muslims, the LGBTQ+ community, and others show how organizational teachings can manifest into individualized hate. Followers, who are also referred to as Black Hebrews or Hebrew Israelites, believe that Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans are the descendants of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. Other notable groups descended from the One West Camp include the Gathering of Christ Church,[73] Masharah Yasharahla,[74] and Israel United in Christ. [58] Since 2000, seven rabbis have graduated from the Israelite Rabbinical Academy founded by Matthew. [41], In 1936, the Church of God and Saints of Christ had more than 200 "tabernacles" (congregations) and 37,000 members. While aspects of the ideology call for retribution against white people, Jews, and other populations, violent activity perpetrated by BHI adherents is not prevalent. He criticized the media reports by saying it was "unfortunate that the media uses the term 'Black Hebrew Israelites' without distinction as if the description is a one size fits all and it is absolutely not!". Leaders Bishop Nathanyel Ben Israel and Bishop Gabar were interviewed during the event. Originally a California-based group, the organization has established camps in 10 US cities. The Black Israelites rose in the late 1800s thanks to men such as William Saunders Crowdy, . They are described as hairy and ugly, and some teachings of BHI believe that Edomites will become slaves in heaven. While reading Bible passages or texts that support their ideology, street teachers will engage with or antagonize pedestrians, sometimes targeting individuals they see as enemies (white people or Jews). B'nai Brith warns city authorities about arrival of Black Hebrew Israelite extremist group for rally and speeches. Black Hebrew Israelite ideology is rooted in fringe interpretations of the enslavement and mistreatment of Black individuals throughout history, including the belief that God punished disobedient Israelites by spreading their nation and their descendants across the world (via the slave trade). Israel United in Christ (IUIC) was founded in 2003 in New York as a splinter organization of the Israeli School of Universal Practical Knowledge. [54][55] He remained the leader of the Commandment Keepers in Harlem, and in 1962 the congregation moved to a landmark building on 123rd Street. Extremist sects heavily rely on social media to spread information and coordinate activity. The leader of the group is Nathaniel Ray (aka Bishop Nathanyel Ben Israel). Many of the currently active extremist factions originate from the One West (1West) Camp, which encouraged numerous young men to create their own camps dedicated to strengthening the hateful and militant threads of the ideology. Between 2007 and 2016, Grant and Warrington used a third-party companyto take over $5.3 million from the Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ organization. The most active extremist sects have hardened their messages after decades . The group publically rejects any claims that it is a hate orgniazation or advocates violence, but its teachings prove otherwise. Dating back to the days of One West in Harlem, street teachings have become a daily performance for BHI groups. Morgan was never seen alive again. However, an extremist fringe within the movement takes this idea one step further, arguing that white Europeans are the descendants of Satan and that white Jews are impostors. Email: [emailprotected]. Family members appear, speaking about Morgans distancing from her loved ones and total acceptance of IUICs teachings. The California-based faction has spread nationally since the early 2010s and has embarked on trips abroad to establish international connections. Extremist sects represent a vocal subsection of the larger BHI movement. On December 10, 2019, a kosher market in Jersey City was attacked by two individuals. It was founded in 2003 by Nathaniel Ray, who now goes by the name of Bishop Nathanyel Ben Israel and leads the organization like a cult. The movement emerged from a stream of late 19th-century black nationalism that claimed African-Americans were the true descendants of the ancient Hebrews. We are deeply saddened by the confirmation News on Joys passing. These naming and labeling tactics effectively distance the individual from their previous associations, putting forward an image that is solely BHI. Clothing brands, music production groups, books, and other moneymaking ventures offer additional revenue streams. Dorman said the Black Hebrew Israelite movement has evolved in waves since its nineteenth century beginnings. Its Old Testament observances include the use of the Jewish calendar, the celebration of Passover, the circumcision of infant males, the commemoration of the Sabbath on Saturday, and the wearing of yarmulkes. He died in April 2020 while waiting to begin serving his sentence. Apocalyptic, militant teachings and racial superiority pushed the ideology away from its origin and towards the hate we see today. Further, they assert that Jews and white people worship the devil, and white people will become their slaves in Heaven. [43] His son, Levi Solomon Plummer, became the church's leader in 1975. Shortly before his death, Matthew named his grandson, David Matthew Dor, as the new spiritual leader. [29][62] Most men have more than one wife, and birth control is not permitted. 3031. [40] The group established its headquarters in Philadelphia in 1899, and Crowdy later relocated to Washington, D.C., in 1903. The movement itself includes extremist and antisemitic factions as well as non-hateful factions. While originally maintaining his innocence, Grant pleaded guilty to the conspiracy charge in 2019 and in January 2020was sentencedto serve 18 months in federal prison and three years supervised release. Matthew supported accepting Jewish refugees and advocated for kindness between his followers and white Jews. [24], The oldest known Black Hebrew organization is the Church of the Living God, the Pillar Ground of Truth for All Nations. The group owns restaurants in several Israeli cities. Leader Kani Zabach, who studied at the One West Camp in Harlem, NY, founded HOI. The Israeli School (not connected to the African Hebrew Israelites), founded in the 1960s in Harlem, has produced active splinter factions that propagate some of BHIs most extreme, racist, militant and antisemitic ideologies. Like other domestic violent extremist movements in the contemporary American landscape, Black Hebrew Israelite violent extremism has undergone a transformation over the past twenty years. [28] No official action was taken to return the Black Hebrews to the United States, but some individual members were deported for working illegally. Operating in the late 1990s under the name the Israeli School of Universal and Practical Knowledge, the group amplified its extremist and racist rhetoric. Obsessed with hatred for whites and Jews, the leaders of the Israelite Church have managed to build up 29 church branches in recent years. Titles for uploaded videos will commonly include the topic of the teaching and insults or derogatory terms to describe pedestrians or the population attacked through the teaching. In 2013, leaderGrant sued toy designer Vicale Corp.over claims the toy figurine made to resemble him was not black enough and had distorted features. The Black Hebrew Israelite (BHI) movement is a fringe religious movement that rejects widely accepted definitions of Judaism and asserts that people of color are the true children of Israel. Morgan had met a Nigerian immigrant, Ajibola Shogbamimu, aka Shohfah-El Israel, through the church. In 2007 the Commandment Keepers sold the building while various factions among former members sued one another. Singer, "Symbolic Identity Formation in an African American Religious Sect", p. 59. In December 2019, two adherents to an extremist faction of the Black Hebrew Israelites killed a police officer and then three individuals in a kosher supermarket in Jersey City, NJ. "These are the basic lines of the national government headed by me: The Jewish people have an exclusive and unquestionable right to all areas of the Land of . Popular social media platforms are frequented by BHI groups to spread their ideology, connect likeminded individuals and coordinate local and national sects. This movement, its role in domestic terrorism, and its linkages to other elements of todays American DVE ecosystem are regrettably understudied. [85], Capers Funnye, who had been the rabbi for 26 years of the 200-member Beth Shalom B'nai Zaken Ethiopian Hebrew Congregation,[86][87] condemned the attack and said that his community was "gripped by sadness" over "the heinous actions of two disturbed individuals who cloaked themselves in anti-Semitism and hate-filled rhetoric". I know thy works, and tribulation, and poverty, (but thou art rich) and I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews, and are not, but are the synagogue of Satan and includes the following text and images, including a Chasidic child stamped with the word Imposters.. [16][needs context], A 1999 FBI terrorism risk assessment report stated that "violent radical fringe members" of the Black Hebrew Israelite movement hold "beliefs [that] bear a striking resemblance to the Christian Identity theology practiced by many white supremacists". [60][62] The group incorporates elements of African-American culture into their interpretation of the Bible. The extremist faction of the BHI movement includes distinct groups operating nationally and internationally. The group's mission is to spread the Black Hebrew Israelite ideology and to educate black individuals of their true place in society. Just as their namesakes advocated violence, Sicarii preaches one of the more extreme and violent ideologies. Alberta Williams King, the mother of Martin Luther King Jr. was shot and killed on June 30, 1974, at age 69, by Marcus Wayne Chenault, a 23-year-old Black man from Ohio, who had adopted the theology of a Black Hebrew Israelite preacher, Hananiah E. Israel of Cincinnati, and had shown interest in a group called the "Hebrew Pentecostal Church of the Living God". Following the shooting, the building superintendent of the Israelite Church of God and Jesus Christ (ICJGC) Harlem location identified Anderson and Graham as church attendants from four years prior. Judaism is frequently referred to as the synagogue of Satan. Stolen identity is a central piece of the ideology and the basis of animosity towards Jews. Grant was also referred to as the Holy Spirit and The Comforter as he asserted that he carried the Holy Spirit within his earthly body. Social media allows groups and individual members opportunities to amplify their messages. On Wednesday, they were turned away by . Their products include a t-shirt depicting a slave ship and the Middle Passage of the slave trade with the words True Holocaust., Maintaining the legacy and activities of the founding Israeli School, the Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ continues to operate in Harlem, until recently under the leadership of the late Jermaine Grant, aka Chief High Priest. Membership declined throughout the 1990s, and by 2004, only a few dozen people belonged to the synagogue. Black Jews and Jews of color are genuine members of the Jewish faith. Chicago, Illinois August 31, 2019: IUIC members held the IUIC Mens Conference 2019 in Chicago and organized a march attended by 1,000 individuals. However, some sub-groups believe that Native and Latin Americans were descendants of the Israelites. There are many sects which refer to themselves with variations of the name Black Hebrew Israelites. He pleaded guilty to one count of attempted murder in December 2018. Many BHI teachers claim that Jews and other white people forced Black individuals into other religions. Black Hebrew Israelism is a non-homogenous movement with a number of groups that have varying beliefs and practices. While these groups operate independently, the organizational structure and aims are consistent, which allows for partnerships and shared traffic to their online materials. On December 10, 2019, two people who had expressed interest in the Black Hebrew Israelite movement were killed in a shootout with police. Literature available on their website includes teachings such as: Can Caucasians be Jews according to the Bible? [13] In Harlem alone, at least eight such groups were founded between 1919 and 1931. In the late 19th century, Cherry's and Crowdy's followers continued to propagate the claim that they were the biological descendants of the Israelites,[19] and during the following decades, many more Black Hebrew congregations were established; after Frank Cherry's death in 1963, his son Prince Benjamin F. Cherry took over leadership of the Black Hebrew Israelite movement. In some cases, profiles are stripped of their content pre-BHI acceptance, but other profiles show first signs of exposure and the transition from conventional posts to BHI leaning beliefs and messages. Many large groups operate a main page, dozens of local school pages, and additional pages for special activities within the faction. [3] Black Hebrew Israelites have been criticized for making historical revisionist claims that do not acknowledge the poverty that Jews experienced as immigrants in the United States. [90], Zimbabwean novelist Masimba Musodza has stated that the doctrine which is taught by Black Hebrew Israelites "force[s] their own ideas onto the text to promote their own agenda, which serves no purpose at all except to engender antisemitism in Black communities in western countries". In 1990, Illinois legislators helped negotiate an agreement that resolved the Black Hebrews' legal status in Israel. American slaves found commonality with the biblical enslavement of the Israelites and considered themselves descendants of the tortured peoples. Another sect of Black Hebrew Israelites is Israel United In Christ, a New York-based group with a national and international presence as well, including in Newark, NJ. During a December 22, 2019 street teaching, Zabach stated: Blacks are the real Jews, youre damn right we are. Black-clad security guards and Hebrew Israelite priess sand outside the Baltimore chapter of the Israelite Church of God in Jesus Chris. [81][82] The 1999 assessment concluded that "the overwhelming majority of [Black Hebrew Israelites] are unlikely to engage in violence."[81]. Jersey City, New Jersey, Kosher Marker Shooting: On December 10, 2019, David Anderson and Francine Graham shot and killed a police detective before opening fire on the JC Kosher Supermarket, killing three individuals in the store. All Rights Reserved. [48][49] Members believe that Jesus was neither God nor the son of God, but rather an adherent of Judaism and a prophet. [50], The Church of God and Saints of Christ synthesizes rituals from both Judaism and Christianity. Nation of Yahweh members were guided by teachings of both Nation of Islam and BHI ideology that developed into violent Black supremacy. Cash told law enforcement that Lewis used homophobic slurs during the shooting. Anti-Semitic Black Hebrew Israelites assert that white people are agents of Satan, Jews are liars and false worshipers of God, and blacks are the true "chosen people" and are racially superior to other ethnicities. 2022 Anti-Defamation League. The Israeli government said that more Black Hebrews may be granted citizenship. [3] The historian Josephus, as well as theologians Emil Schrer and Friedrich Mnter, wrote of Jewish slaves who were sold and served as labourers in Egypt and the Roman Empire, contradicting the Black Hebrew Israelite claim that Egypt is a metaphor for the Americas. [39][26], The Church of God and Saints of Christ was established in Lawrence, Kansas, in 1896 by African American William Saunders Crowdy. The Black Hebrews reclaimed their American citizenship and have received aid from the U.S. government, which helped them build a school and additional housing. [55], Matthew established the Ethiopian Hebrew Rabbinical College (later renamed the Israelite Rabbinical Academy) in Brooklyn. Sidewalk ministers may employ provocation to advance a message that is often antisemitic, racist, and xenophobic. Group and personal profiles will advertise content from other platforms (i.e., sharing a YouTube link to Twitter), increasing online traffic to a variety of platforms. Black 'Extremist' Group Appears at Texas Border Bridge Camp with Food for Migrants. Most notably, the original school was renamed the Israelite Church of God and Jesus Christ (ICGJC). This is a departure from the mainstream understanding of the Twelve Tribes as a reference to Jacobs twelve sons, who each represent a different genealogical thread of the Jewish population. In their own words: An Organized Nation uniting our people destroyed from colonialism and slavery. Negroes, Hispanics and Native Americans, You ARE the Children of ISRAEL. [20] Similar groups selected elements of Judaism and adapted them within a structure similar to that of the Black church. [13] Matthew incorporated his congregation in 1930 and moved it to Brooklyn, where he later founded the Israelite Rabbinical Seminary, where Black Hebrew rabbis have been educated and ordained. [65] In 1981, a group of American civil rights activists led by Bayard Rustin investigated and concluded that racism was not the cause of the Black Hebrews' situation. Israel's ceremonial president, Isaac Herzog, hosted National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan in Jerusalem a day ahead of Sullivan's expected meeting with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Groups antisemitic and racist beliefs are put on display during these performances, transforming urban street corners to theaters of hate. Funnye stated that "we don't want to be seen as some radical fringe group with a false narrative because we are black and profess Judaism; we are Torah-oriented Jews. [8], The Black Hebrew Israelite movement originated at the end of the 19th century, when Frank Cherry and William Saunders Crowdy both claimed to have received visions that African Americans are descendants of the Hebrews in the Bible; Cherry established the Church of the Living God, the Pillar Ground of Truth for All Nations, in 1886, and Crowdy founded the Church of God and Saints of Christ in 1896. Wife, and white Jews, connect likeminded individuals and coordinate local and national sects is often antisemitic,,., David Matthew Dor, as the synagogue of Satan they assert Jews. Namesakes advocated violence, Sicarii preaches one of the ideology and the Israeli school effectively distance the from... Tortured peoples domestic terrorism, and other moneymaking ventures offer additional revenue streams outside the chapter! Have become a daily performance for BHI groups or both suspects shot and killed.. 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